Gender equality and women's rights are essential for the development and well-being of any nation. However, in Pakistan, women face multiple forms of discrimination and violence that hinder their full participation in social, economic, and political spheres, these matters are closely linked with cultural, religious, and historical aspects, adding layers to the challenge of achieving gender equality. According to the Global Gender Gap Report 2024, Pakistan ranks 145 out of 146 countries in terms of gender parity, with low scores on indicators such as educational attainment, health and survival, economic opportunity, and political empowerment. Despite these challenges, Pakistani women have shown resilience and agency in demanding their rights and contributing to the country's progress.
Over the years, women's positions in Pakistani society have undergone substantial changes due to a mixture of cultural, religious, and political factors. Prior to independence, women were predominantly expected to fulfil traditional roles within the household under patriarchal guidelines. Nonetheless, the active participation of figures such as Fatima Jinnah and Begum Rana Liaquat Ali Khan in the struggle for independence highlighted the capabilities of women in the civic arena. Post-independence, Pakistan's legal framework began to address women's rights more systematically. The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees equality for all citizens, regardless of gender, and various laws have been enacted to protect women's rights. However, the implementation of these laws has been inconsistent, often hindered by deep-seated cultural attitudes and weak legal institutions. My article will discuss where Pakistan stands on gender equality and women's rights, outlining the achievements, obstacles, and future directions.
Pakistan is a patriarchal society where men are considered the primary decision-makers and providers, while women are expected to perform domestic and reproductive roles. Women's mobility, education, and employment are often restricted by their families and communities, who view them as the guardians of honor and tradition. Women who challenge these norms face social stigma, harassment, and violence.
Pakistan's legal and institutional framework is not conducive to the promotion and protection of women's rights. The constitution guarantees equality and non-discrimination, but also allows for the application of Islamic laws that can undermine women's rights in matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and custody. The implementation and enforcement of laws and policies that aim to protect women from violence, harassment, and discrimination are weak and inconsistent, due to lack of awareness, resources, and political will. Women also face challenges in accessing justice, due to lack of legal literacy, representation, and support.
Economy and politics are dominated by men, who control most resources and power. Women's labour force participation is low, at 22.6%, compared to 81.1% for men, and they are mostly employed in the informal sector, where they face low wages, poor working conditions, and lack of social protection. Women's political representation is also low, at 20.2% in the national parliament and 18.3% in the provincial assemblies, despite the existence of legal quotas. Women face multiple barriers to enter and advance in the public sphere, such as lack of education, skills, networks, and opportunities, as well as social and cultural pressures, and security threats.
Mental health, often overlooked, is vital for women's overall well-being. Women in Pakistan face unique stressors, including domestic violence, societal pressures, and limited autonomy, which can impact their mental health. Providing mental health services and support networks is crucial.
Gender equality and women's rights are not only human rights, but also prerequisites for the development and prosperity of Pakistan. Gender equality and women's rights in Pakistan are complex and multifaceted issues that require sustained effort and commitment. While significant progress has been made, much work remains to be done. Several important legal measures have been put forward to advance and defend women's rights in Pakistan. The 1961 Muslim Family Laws Ordinance sets rules for marriage and divorce, safeguarding the rights of women within familial contexts. The Protection of Women Act of 2006 revised older laws to protect women against unjust traditions. Additionally, the Acid Control and Acid Crime Prevention Act of 2011 focuses on acid violence, introducing severe consequences for offenders. Finally, the Domestic Violence (Prevention and Protection) Act of 2013 is designed to shield women from domestic abuse and provides ways for victims to seek justice. Nevertheless, there's a noticeable discrepancy between the existence of these laws and their actual implementation. This gap persists due to cultural opposition, limited public awareness, and insufficient law enforcement systems. By addressing the challenges and embracing the opportunities, Pakistan can move towards a more equitable and just society for all its citizens. Through legal reforms, education, economic empowerment, health initiatives, political participation, and combating violence, the journey towards gender equality continues. Empowering women and ensuring their rights are not just goals but essential steps toward a prosperous and inclusive Pakistan.
Pakistan needs to address the lack of access to reproductive health services, the low value attached to girls' education and empowerment, and the patriarchal norms and attitudes that perpetuate gender discrimination and violence. A need exists to adopt a holistic and multi-sectoral approach that involves the government, the civil society, the private sector, the media, the religious leaders, and the international community, as well as the men and boys, who are also affected by and can contribute to the transformation of gender relations. Pakistan also needs to recognize and celebrate the achievements and contributions of its women, who have shown courage and resilience in the face of adversity, and who have the potential to shape the future of the country.
